O.S.I
O.S.I : IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS “ OPEN SYSTEM INTERFACE ” OR INTERCONNECTION.
• I.S.O : INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ORGANIZATION.
• THIS LAYER DEVELOPED IN 1982 IN “ ZENEVA ”.
• 7 LAYERS ARE AVAILBLE IN O.S.I.
COMPUTER 1 COMPUTER 2
1. APPLICATION 1. PHYSICAL
2. PRESENTATION B 2. DATA LINK
3. SESSION 3. NETWORK
4. TRANSPORT 4. TRANSPORT
5. NETWORK 5. SESION
6. DATA LINK 6. PRESENTATION
7. PHYSICAL 7. APPLICATION
NOTE : - COMPUTER 1 IS SENDING DATA FROM TOP TO BOTTOM AND COMPUTER 2 IS RECEIVING DATA FROM
DOWN TO UP IN THE REVERSE ORDER
Saturday, August 28, 2010
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUB AND SWITCHES : -
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUB AND SWITCHES : -
HUB
1. IT AMPLIFIES AND REGENERATES
THE SIGNALS
2. IT FOLLOWS BROAD CASTING METHOD.
SWITCHES
1. IT IS ALSO CALLED INTELLIGENT AND
MANAGEABLE HUB.
2. IN SWITCH FIRST TIME IT FOLLOWS BROAD CASTING METHOD , AFTER THAT IT FOLLOWS UNI-COSTING METHOD
3. FEATURES : -
1. SWITCH HAVE OWN MEMORY.
2. OWN O/S : - IC’S ( INTERNET WORK O/S ).
3. FLASH MEMORY IS BASED ON THE MAC
TABLE
HUB
1. IT AMPLIFIES AND REGENERATES
THE SIGNALS
2. IT FOLLOWS BROAD CASTING METHOD.
SWITCHES
1. IT IS ALSO CALLED INTELLIGENT AND
MANAGEABLE HUB.
2. IN SWITCH FIRST TIME IT FOLLOWS BROAD CASTING METHOD , AFTER THAT IT FOLLOWS UNI-COSTING METHOD
3. FEATURES : -
1. SWITCH HAVE OWN MEMORY.
2. OWN O/S : - IC’S ( INTERNET WORK O/S ).
3. FLASH MEMORY IS BASED ON THE MAC
TABLE
CRIMPING
CRIMPING
• CRIMPING : CRIMPING ARE OF TWO TYPES : -
A. STRAIGHT CRIMPING.
B. CROSS CRIMPING.
1. STRAIGHT CRIMPING : THESE ARE USED IN UN-LIKE DEVICES.
EX : HUB TO COMPUTER.
CRIMPING OF WIRES FROM COMPUTER TO HUB : - ( STRAIGHT CRIMPING )
COMPUTER HUB
ORANGE ( T+ ) ORANGE
ORANGE WHITE ( T- ) ORANGE WHITE
BLUE ( R+ ) BLUE
BLUE WHITE BLUE WHITE
BROWN BROWN
BROWN WHITE ( R- ) BROWN WHITE
GREEN GREEN
GREEN WHITE GREEN WHITE
THE ORDER WE HAVE TO FOLLOW WHILE CRIMPING COMPUTER TO HUB : -
{ ( 1 – 1 ) , ( 2 – 2 ) , ( 3 – 3 ) , ( 4 – 4 ) , ( 5 – 5 ) , ( 6 – 6 ) , ( 7 – 7 ) , ( 8 – 8 ) }.
• IN THIS CRIMPING 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ARE WORKING WIRES
{ T = TRANSMEET AND R = RECEIVING }.
2. CROSS CRIMPING : THESE ARE USED TO CONNECT HUB TO HUB OR COMPUTER TO
COMPUTER.
CRIMPING OF WIRES FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTER : -
COMPUTER 1 ( OR ) HUB 1 COMPUTER 2 ( OR ) HUB 2
ORANGE ( T+ ) BLUE ( R+ )
ORANGE WHITE ( T- ) BROWN WHITE ( R- )
BLUE ( R+ ) ORANGE ( T+ )
BLUE WHITE BLUE WHITE
BROWN BROWN
BROWN WHITE ( R- ) ORANGE WHITE ( T- )
GREEN GREEN
GREEN WHITE GREEN WHITE
THE ORDER WE HAVE TO FOLLOW WHILE CRIMPING FOR COMPUTER 2 IS
{ ( 1 – 3 ) , ( 2 – 6 ) , ( 3 – 1 ) , ( 4 – 4 ) , ( 5 – 5 ) , ( 6 – 2 ) , ( 7 – 7 ) , ( 8 – 8 ) }.
NOTE : I.S.O STANDARD CODE FOR CRIMPING IS 586B
THE ORDER WE HAVE TO FOLLOW IS : -
{ ( 1 = OW ) , ( 2 = O ) , ( 3 = BW ) , ( 6 = B ) }.
• CRIMPING : CRIMPING ARE OF TWO TYPES : -
A. STRAIGHT CRIMPING.
B. CROSS CRIMPING.
1. STRAIGHT CRIMPING : THESE ARE USED IN UN-LIKE DEVICES.
EX : HUB TO COMPUTER.
CRIMPING OF WIRES FROM COMPUTER TO HUB : - ( STRAIGHT CRIMPING )
COMPUTER HUB
ORANGE ( T+ ) ORANGE
ORANGE WHITE ( T- ) ORANGE WHITE
BLUE ( R+ ) BLUE
BLUE WHITE BLUE WHITE
BROWN BROWN
BROWN WHITE ( R- ) BROWN WHITE
GREEN GREEN
GREEN WHITE GREEN WHITE
THE ORDER WE HAVE TO FOLLOW WHILE CRIMPING COMPUTER TO HUB : -
{ ( 1 – 1 ) , ( 2 – 2 ) , ( 3 – 3 ) , ( 4 – 4 ) , ( 5 – 5 ) , ( 6 – 6 ) , ( 7 – 7 ) , ( 8 – 8 ) }.
• IN THIS CRIMPING 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ARE WORKING WIRES
{ T = TRANSMEET AND R = RECEIVING }.
2. CROSS CRIMPING : THESE ARE USED TO CONNECT HUB TO HUB OR COMPUTER TO
COMPUTER.
CRIMPING OF WIRES FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTER : -
COMPUTER 1 ( OR ) HUB 1 COMPUTER 2 ( OR ) HUB 2
ORANGE ( T+ ) BLUE ( R+ )
ORANGE WHITE ( T- ) BROWN WHITE ( R- )
BLUE ( R+ ) ORANGE ( T+ )
BLUE WHITE BLUE WHITE
BROWN BROWN
BROWN WHITE ( R- ) ORANGE WHITE ( T- )
GREEN GREEN
GREEN WHITE GREEN WHITE
THE ORDER WE HAVE TO FOLLOW WHILE CRIMPING FOR COMPUTER 2 IS
{ ( 1 – 3 ) , ( 2 – 6 ) , ( 3 – 1 ) , ( 4 – 4 ) , ( 5 – 5 ) , ( 6 – 2 ) , ( 7 – 7 ) , ( 8 – 8 ) }.
NOTE : I.S.O STANDARD CODE FOR CRIMPING IS 586B
THE ORDER WE HAVE TO FOLLOW IS : -
{ ( 1 = OW ) , ( 2 = O ) , ( 3 = BW ) , ( 6 = B ) }.
TOPOLOGIES
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• TOPOLOGY : IT IS A PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS IN A NETWORK OR PHYSICAL ESTABLISHMENT OF NETWORKS.
TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
1. BUS TOPOLOGY : PAST.
2. STAR TOPOLOGY : PRESENTLY.
3. RING TOPOLOGY : USED FOR IBM.
4. HYBRID TOPOLOGY : IT IS THE COMBINATION OF ANY TWO TOPOLOGY.
5. MESH TOPOLOGY : IT IS THE COMBINATION OF ALL TYPES OF TOPOLOGY.
BUS TOPOLOGY
1. BUS TOPOLOGY CABLES : -
A. IN THIS TOPOLOGY WE ARE USING CO – AXIAL CABLE.
EX : - STAR TELEVESION CABLE.
B. CO – AXIAL CABLES ARE OF 2 TYPES : -
THIN CO–AXIAL CABLE : - 0.25 INCHES THIN, DATA TRANSFER RATE IS (10 MBPS / 200 MBPS ).
THICK CO–AXIAL CABLE : - 0.50 INCHES THICK, DATA TRANSFER RATE IS (10 MBPS / 500 MBPS).
2. CONNECTION IN BUS TOPOLOGY : -
A. NIC CONNECTOR WITH BNC. NIC : NETWORK INTERFACE CARD. BNC : BRITISH NAVIGATOR CONNECTOR.
B. SMALL CONNECTORS : -
• T – TYPE CONNECTOR.
• TERMINATOR.
• BARRER.
3. ARCHETECTURE OF THE BUS TOPOLOGY : -
4. DIS – ADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY : -
A. TOO MUCH COLLUSION IS AVAILABLE DUE TO TRAFFIC JAM.
B. NO SECURITY AND PERMISSIONS ARE AVAILABLE.
C. IF IN THE NETWORK ONE COMPUTER IS NOT WORKING ALL COMPUTERS WILL BE COLLAPSED.
STAR TOPOLOGY
NOW A DAYS IN SO MANY PLACES WE ARE USING STAR TOPOLOGY.
1. STAR TOPOLOGY CONNECTORS : -
A. NIC CARD WITH RJ-45 ( REMOVED JACK ) CONNECTOR.
B. RJ-45 CLIP.
C. CENTRAL INTERFACE DEVICE : - EX : REPEATERS , HUB AND SWITCHES.
2. STAR TOPOLOGY CABLES : -
A. UTP CABLE : IT IS A UN-SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE , WHICH HAVE 8 – WIRE
( 4-PAIRS ) CABLE.
B. DATA TRANSFER SPEED IS 100 MBPS / 256 MBPS.
C. THE CABLE IS TWISTED , TO STOP THE CROSS LINKING AND TO FLOW THE DATA IN A STRAIGHT LINE.
TWISTED PAIR CABLES HAVE SOME CATEGORY :
CAT 1
CAT 2 THESE ARE TELE-PHONE WIRES , HAVING TWO WIRES.
CAT 3 ( 4 MBPS )
CAT 4 ( 16 MBPS ) THSES ARE USED IN RING TOPOLOGY, THESE ARE CALLED AS S.T.P WIRES HAVING 4 WIRES.
CAT 5 ( 100 MBPS )
CAT 6 ( 256 MBPS ) THESE ARE USED IN STAR TOPOLOGY, THESE ARE CALLED AS U.T.P WIRES HAVING 8 WIRES.
3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UTP AND STP CABLES : -
UTP STP
1. USED IN STAR TOPOLOGY. 1. USED IN RING TOPOLOGY.
2. 8-WIRE MAKING 4 – PAIRS. 2. 4-WIRE MAKING 2 – PAIRS.
3. 100 MBPS / 256 MBPS SPEED. 3. 4 MBPS / 16 MBPS.
4. USED IN ETHERNET COMPUTER. 4. USED ONLY FOR IBM COMPUTERS.
5. USES ETHERNET CARD. 5. USES TOKEN RING CARD.
6. CENTRAL INTERFACE DEVICES : HUB AND
SWITCHES ARE USED. 6. M.A.U : MULTI-STATION ACTION ACCESS
ARE USED.
RING TOPOLOGY
1. USED IN IBM COMPUTERS.
2. USES S.T.P CABLES.
3. S.T.P CABLES HAVE 4 WIRES { 2 PAIRS }.
4. IT IS MULTI STATION ACCESS UNIT.
5. BASED ON TOKEN POLICY , TOKEN – 6 BIT DATA ADDRESS.
6. DATA TRANSMISSION SPEED IS 4 MBPS/16 MBPS.
• TOPOLOGY : IT IS A PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEMS IN A NETWORK OR PHYSICAL ESTABLISHMENT OF NETWORKS.
TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
1. BUS TOPOLOGY : PAST.
2. STAR TOPOLOGY : PRESENTLY.
3. RING TOPOLOGY : USED FOR IBM.
4. HYBRID TOPOLOGY : IT IS THE COMBINATION OF ANY TWO TOPOLOGY.
5. MESH TOPOLOGY : IT IS THE COMBINATION OF ALL TYPES OF TOPOLOGY.
BUS TOPOLOGY
1. BUS TOPOLOGY CABLES : -
A. IN THIS TOPOLOGY WE ARE USING CO – AXIAL CABLE.
EX : - STAR TELEVESION CABLE.
B. CO – AXIAL CABLES ARE OF 2 TYPES : -
THIN CO–AXIAL CABLE : - 0.25 INCHES THIN, DATA TRANSFER RATE IS (10 MBPS / 200 MBPS ).
THICK CO–AXIAL CABLE : - 0.50 INCHES THICK, DATA TRANSFER RATE IS (10 MBPS / 500 MBPS).
2. CONNECTION IN BUS TOPOLOGY : -
A. NIC CONNECTOR WITH BNC. NIC : NETWORK INTERFACE CARD. BNC : BRITISH NAVIGATOR CONNECTOR.
B. SMALL CONNECTORS : -
• T – TYPE CONNECTOR.
• TERMINATOR.
• BARRER.
3. ARCHETECTURE OF THE BUS TOPOLOGY : -
4. DIS – ADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY : -
A. TOO MUCH COLLUSION IS AVAILABLE DUE TO TRAFFIC JAM.
B. NO SECURITY AND PERMISSIONS ARE AVAILABLE.
C. IF IN THE NETWORK ONE COMPUTER IS NOT WORKING ALL COMPUTERS WILL BE COLLAPSED.
STAR TOPOLOGY
NOW A DAYS IN SO MANY PLACES WE ARE USING STAR TOPOLOGY.
1. STAR TOPOLOGY CONNECTORS : -
A. NIC CARD WITH RJ-45 ( REMOVED JACK ) CONNECTOR.
B. RJ-45 CLIP.
C. CENTRAL INTERFACE DEVICE : - EX : REPEATERS , HUB AND SWITCHES.
2. STAR TOPOLOGY CABLES : -
A. UTP CABLE : IT IS A UN-SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE , WHICH HAVE 8 – WIRE
( 4-PAIRS ) CABLE.
B. DATA TRANSFER SPEED IS 100 MBPS / 256 MBPS.
C. THE CABLE IS TWISTED , TO STOP THE CROSS LINKING AND TO FLOW THE DATA IN A STRAIGHT LINE.
TWISTED PAIR CABLES HAVE SOME CATEGORY :
CAT 1
CAT 2 THESE ARE TELE-PHONE WIRES , HAVING TWO WIRES.
CAT 3 ( 4 MBPS )
CAT 4 ( 16 MBPS ) THSES ARE USED IN RING TOPOLOGY, THESE ARE CALLED AS S.T.P WIRES HAVING 4 WIRES.
CAT 5 ( 100 MBPS )
CAT 6 ( 256 MBPS ) THESE ARE USED IN STAR TOPOLOGY, THESE ARE CALLED AS U.T.P WIRES HAVING 8 WIRES.
3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UTP AND STP CABLES : -
UTP STP
1. USED IN STAR TOPOLOGY. 1. USED IN RING TOPOLOGY.
2. 8-WIRE MAKING 4 – PAIRS. 2. 4-WIRE MAKING 2 – PAIRS.
3. 100 MBPS / 256 MBPS SPEED. 3. 4 MBPS / 16 MBPS.
4. USED IN ETHERNET COMPUTER. 4. USED ONLY FOR IBM COMPUTERS.
5. USES ETHERNET CARD. 5. USES TOKEN RING CARD.
6. CENTRAL INTERFACE DEVICES : HUB AND
SWITCHES ARE USED. 6. M.A.U : MULTI-STATION ACTION ACCESS
ARE USED.
RING TOPOLOGY
1. USED IN IBM COMPUTERS.
2. USES S.T.P CABLES.
3. S.T.P CABLES HAVE 4 WIRES { 2 PAIRS }.
4. IT IS MULTI STATION ACCESS UNIT.
5. BASED ON TOKEN POLICY , TOKEN – 6 BIT DATA ADDRESS.
6. DATA TRANSMISSION SPEED IS 4 MBPS/16 MBPS.
Types of networkings
NETWORKING
NETWORKING : - IT IS CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN MULTIPLE COMPUTERS , WHERE THEY CAN SHARE INFORMATION AND RESOURCES.
TYPES OF NETWORKS
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NETWORKS : -
1. PHYSICAL NETWORKS : - BASED ON DISTANCES
2. LOGICAL NETWORKS : - BASED ON LOGICAL CONNECTIONS.
1. PHYSICAL NETWORKS : -
A. LAN : - LOCAL AREA NETWORK METER DISTANCE IS { 10 TO 100 MTS }.
B. MAN : - METRO POLITAN AREA NETWORK METER DISTANCE IS { 200 TO 500 KMTS }.
C. WAN : - WIDE AREA NETWORK ( INTERNET ) { COUNTRY TO COUNTRY }.
D. CAN : - CAMPUS AREA NETWORK.
E. DIAL – UP NETWORK : - CONNECTION THROUGH TELEPHONE LINE.
F. DIRECT CABLE – NETWORK : - CONNECTION THROUGH OFC CABLE.
G. ISDN ( INTEGRATED SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK ) : - WIRELESS MODEM.
2. LOGICAL NETWORKS : -
1. PEER TO PEER NETWORK.
2. CLIENT SERVER NETWORK.
3. HYBRID NETWORKS.
1. PEER TO PEER NETWORK : -
A. IT IS ALSO CALLED WORK GROUP NETWORK. IT IS A LOGICAL CONNECTION OF NETWORK COMPUTER WHERE NO CENTRALIZED ADMINISTRATION IS POSSIBLE.
B. ALL COMPUTERS HAVE SAME STATUS.
C. NO PERMISSIONS AND SECURITY IS AVAILABLE , COMPUTER CONTROL FROM ONE ANOTHER COMPUTERS.
D. VERY EASY TO ESTABLISH THE NETWORK.
2. CLIENT – SERVER NETWORKS : -
A. IT IS ALSO CALLED AS DOMAIN MODEL.
B. DOMAIN : IT IS A LOGICAL GROUP OF NETWORK COMPUTERS WHERE CENTRALIZED ADMINISTRATION IS POSSIBLE.
C. ALL COMPUTERS TOGETHERE IS KNOWN AS DOMAIN.
D. DOMAIN CONTROLLER : IT IS A NETWORK O/S WHERE CENTRALIZED
ADMINISTRATION IS POSSIBLE.
E. DOMAIN CLIENT : IT IS A CLIENT BASED O/S , WHICH ACCESS INFORMATION FROM DOMAIN CONTROLLER.
F. MORE SECURITY AND PERMISSIONS AVAILABLE.
G. VERY TOUGH TO MAINTAIN.
3. HYBRID NETWORK : -
A. IT IS A COMBINATION OF PEER TO PEER NETWORK AND CLIENT – SERVER NETWORK.
NETWORKING : - IT IS CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN MULTIPLE COMPUTERS , WHERE THEY CAN SHARE INFORMATION AND RESOURCES.
TYPES OF NETWORKS
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NETWORKS : -
1. PHYSICAL NETWORKS : - BASED ON DISTANCES
2. LOGICAL NETWORKS : - BASED ON LOGICAL CONNECTIONS.
1. PHYSICAL NETWORKS : -
A. LAN : - LOCAL AREA NETWORK METER DISTANCE IS { 10 TO 100 MTS }.
B. MAN : - METRO POLITAN AREA NETWORK METER DISTANCE IS { 200 TO 500 KMTS }.
C. WAN : - WIDE AREA NETWORK ( INTERNET ) { COUNTRY TO COUNTRY }.
D. CAN : - CAMPUS AREA NETWORK.
E. DIAL – UP NETWORK : - CONNECTION THROUGH TELEPHONE LINE.
F. DIRECT CABLE – NETWORK : - CONNECTION THROUGH OFC CABLE.
G. ISDN ( INTEGRATED SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK ) : - WIRELESS MODEM.
2. LOGICAL NETWORKS : -
1. PEER TO PEER NETWORK.
2. CLIENT SERVER NETWORK.
3. HYBRID NETWORKS.
1. PEER TO PEER NETWORK : -
A. IT IS ALSO CALLED WORK GROUP NETWORK. IT IS A LOGICAL CONNECTION OF NETWORK COMPUTER WHERE NO CENTRALIZED ADMINISTRATION IS POSSIBLE.
B. ALL COMPUTERS HAVE SAME STATUS.
C. NO PERMISSIONS AND SECURITY IS AVAILABLE , COMPUTER CONTROL FROM ONE ANOTHER COMPUTERS.
D. VERY EASY TO ESTABLISH THE NETWORK.
2. CLIENT – SERVER NETWORKS : -
A. IT IS ALSO CALLED AS DOMAIN MODEL.
B. DOMAIN : IT IS A LOGICAL GROUP OF NETWORK COMPUTERS WHERE CENTRALIZED ADMINISTRATION IS POSSIBLE.
C. ALL COMPUTERS TOGETHERE IS KNOWN AS DOMAIN.
D. DOMAIN CONTROLLER : IT IS A NETWORK O/S WHERE CENTRALIZED
ADMINISTRATION IS POSSIBLE.
E. DOMAIN CLIENT : IT IS A CLIENT BASED O/S , WHICH ACCESS INFORMATION FROM DOMAIN CONTROLLER.
F. MORE SECURITY AND PERMISSIONS AVAILABLE.
G. VERY TOUGH TO MAINTAIN.
3. HYBRID NETWORK : -
A. IT IS A COMBINATION OF PEER TO PEER NETWORK AND CLIENT – SERVER NETWORK.
Operationg Systems Released
OPERATING SYSTEMS RELEASED
1. UNIX : 1979 BY RICHEARD STALLMAN AND KEN THOMSON IN BELL LABORATORIES.
2. PC-DOS : 1982 BY IBM.
3. MS-DOS : 1983 BY MICRO-SOFT.
4. WIN-NT SERVER 4.0 : 1996.
5. WIN 2000 SERVER 5.0 : 2000.
6. WIN 2003 SERVER 5.1 : 2003.
7. LINUX : DEVELOPED BY LINUS TORVALDS IN 1991.
8. NOVELL :
9. SUN-SOLARIES :
10. WIN 2008 SERVER 5.1 : 2008
1. UNIX : 1979 BY RICHEARD STALLMAN AND KEN THOMSON IN BELL LABORATORIES.
2. PC-DOS : 1982 BY IBM.
3. MS-DOS : 1983 BY MICRO-SOFT.
4. WIN-NT SERVER 4.0 : 1996.
5. WIN 2000 SERVER 5.0 : 2000.
6. WIN 2003 SERVER 5.1 : 2003.
7. LINUX : DEVELOPED BY LINUS TORVALDS IN 1991.
8. NOVELL :
9. SUN-SOLARIES :
10. WIN 2008 SERVER 5.1 : 2008
Types Of Operating Systems
OPERATING SYSTEMS : - IT IS AN INTERFACE BETWEEN THE USER AND COMPUTER OR HARD-WARE AND SOFTWARE COMBINED TOGETHER IS KNOWN AS OPERATING SYSTEM.
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS : -
1. SINGLE USER SINGLE TASK OPERATING SYSTEM : -
EX : MS-DOS
2. SINGLE USER MULTI-TASK OPERATING SYSTEM : -
EX : ALL CLIENT BASED O/S
3. MULTI-USER MULTI-TASK OPERATING SYSTEM :
EX : ALL SERVER BASED O/S.
NOTE : EX FOR ALL CLIENT BASED O/S ARE WIN-98 , WIN-2000 PROF , XP – PROF.
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS : -
1. SINGLE USER SINGLE TASK OPERATING SYSTEM : -
EX : MS-DOS
2. SINGLE USER MULTI-TASK OPERATING SYSTEM : -
EX : ALL CLIENT BASED O/S
3. MULTI-USER MULTI-TASK OPERATING SYSTEM :
EX : ALL SERVER BASED O/S.
NOTE : EX FOR ALL CLIENT BASED O/S ARE WIN-98 , WIN-2000 PROF , XP – PROF.
Saturday, August 21, 2010
DEFINITION OF NETWORKING
DEFINITION : The Communication between two or more devices called as networking.
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